Project Keep Placement Stabilization Research Paper

Project Keep Placement Stabilization - Research Paper Example Due to the nature of this intervention, the statistical collection of data and facts associated with child abuse and neglect becomes difficult. To determine how much it would cost to resolve it through the various stages of the model that could be required. The well-being of the child is important. Although when parents usually the women take in alcohol and seems not to be abusive and not dependent or addicted to drinking. It is still possible the conditions under which she drinks may still put the child welfare at risk. A child welfare worker should be concerned about the nature of parent exposure to alcohol and drug use. As noted by The American Psychological Association, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV/DSM-IV-TR) that a woman should not take in more than seven drinks within a week or three drinks at a time. Child safety is an important issue in our society and factors that may bring about polluting or exposing the child welfare at risk are not lightly taken. Children are meant to be around adult so as to caution and comfort them in their growing years. Children are good observers and adult should be more caution what they do in their presence. This is part of protecting child welfare. But more often than not, parents or adults under the influence of alcohol and drug might not be able to control their misbehavior triggered from substance use and this usually has a lifespan effect on children. Significantly, the child welfare worker should be more concerned with the case of child neglect and abuse by identifying the factors of drug abuse and alcohol exposure. Child welfare worker should be able to support parent influenced by these factors to obtain adequate treatment in the understanding of the recovery concept in the view of child safety.  

GENDER macroeconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

GENDER macroeconomics - Essay Example Neither the individual nor gender has been a main concern of macroeconomic policy or macroeconomic theory. It is also clear that gender is ignored in the majority of the conventional means of macro-economic behavior that are representative of the manner in which individual women and men are affected by macroeconomics (Seguino, 2010: p1216). Individual economic indicators are rarely referred to with macroeconomic language being un-gendered and impersonal. In addition, the sex based labor division is rarely mentioned in macroeconomic policies. Although the policy impact on functional categories of actors in the economy like investors, savers, sellers, and buyers can be identified in debate on macroeconomic policy, absence of gender-specific references suggests that it is assumed to have an equal effect on men and women. Literature especially that covering women in developing nations shows that this is not so. Bringing a Gender Perspective into Macroeconomics Conventional policy framewo rks on the economy are ignorant of non-market work like voluntary, community work and unpaid care work. These activities are normally taken for granted and rarely discussed in monetary or fiscal policy. Rather than being considered as economic activities, these are thought of as social roles. However, these are economic activities because they need the utilization of scarce resources, as well as because they give vital inputs to private and public economic sectors. Unpaid care work can be described as a tax in kind levied on domestic sectors so as to reproduce the economy with the tax paid mainly by women (Elson, 2011: p240). Unpaid work can be incorporated into macroeconomic policy making through viewing national output as being a product of the domestic sector, the public sector, the private sector, and equally important the voluntary sector. Wealth creation in a country is dependent on output from the four sectors. At times, policy makers tend to assume that the sector that creat es wealth is the private sector with other sectors spending that is produced by the private sector. However, these four sectors depend on each other. The private sector cannot create wealth for use by families, the government, and the communities if these communities, families, and the government do not create wealth, in turn (Elson, 2011: p241). In particular, unpaid care by women, as well as voluntary work, proves vital for the creation of social and human capital. There are essential differences, of course, between looking after one’s own children and parents and being paid to care for children or old people as an employee for the private and public sector (Elson, 2011: p241). This difference is not personal in nature. The costs for the care given to children and old people in the public and private sector appears in the national accounts, being taken into consideration in decisions on policy. However, the costs regarding unpaid care for children and old people in domestic sectors are not reflected in the national accounts and are, therefore, not accounted for in decisions of policy. However, this care imposes energy and time costs on those who do

Effects of Radio as a Form of Advertising

Effects of Radio as a Form of Advertising Radio Advertising Executive Summary Advertising in general expresses the positioning. Powerful advertising is the result of powerful planning. Great ideas and great ad campaigns dont just pop out from no where, they are built on the key communication points that motivate sales. Radio is entirely a medium of sound, which evokes smells, sensations and visual images which brings the listeners imaginations into play. Radio advertising is one of the tools of advertising which is effectively used for communication and positioning. It is one of the foundations for effective and successful advertising. Radio can be used effectively for advertisement since it can target the large audience because of its high reach. Radio is good at increasing awareness about the brand and business and helping in building the brand image. But all this was only for pure academic purpose. With the advent of television radio lost its popularity and thus its purpose with the marketers. This led to sharp declines in the proportion of advertisement spending on radio as compared to other media. But then came the governments order on liberalization and privatization. This brought about loads of changes in the world of radio broadcasting in India. Prominent and established companies entered the business of FM Broadcasting. FM broadcasting has breathed a new life into the medium of Radio in the past few months. Could radio now think this as a new phase of its life or a re-birth? Of course yes, people are today talking only Radio- Radio Mirchi, Radio City, RED, Go and WIN. One will find people with radio sets of different shapes and sizes listening to their favourite music on roads, in hotels, even the bidi shops aired on any of the music channels. The radio channels are now vying against each other to provide their best to the listeners However one can see that although radio is an excellent medium it has been used to its full potential and various efforts should be taken to improve it as with proper direction radio can reach heights as it is the cheapest and a very good medium. Objective Through this project my objective has been to understand the following To find out about the current scenario of the radio industry. The reasons for a stunted growth of the industry The various steps in radio advertisement Realizing the needs and wants of consumers and fulfilling them What the various radio stations have to offer the masses. Research Methodology Through this project I have made an effort to understand the advertisng tool called radio advertising which is being increasingly recognized by marketers as a powerful tool that helps in finding new customers and retaining the existing ones at a much lesser cost. Primary Research: The aim of primary research was to understand radio advertising as it is seen in the corporate world. To understand this I have taken two interview from different fields. Mr. Madhav Joshi who is currently working in Leo Burnett who helped me understand what all goes into the making of a radio advertisement. The mode of interview used was an informal one where he answered my questions on one to one basis. Also Mr. Sudarshan Sahe the senior marketing manager of Radio City gave me an interview and helped me in trying to understand as to how the station works and looks after the needs of its consumers Secondary Research The aim of secondary research was to understand as to why radio advertising has been able to grow at a considerable rate as compared to the other media.also the fall out of radio in the last decade . It was also undertaken to understand how radio advertising is done and what re the current players in the market. Secondary data collection method: desk research Secondary data collection sources: internet, books, newspaper articles Introduction Old media dont die! They just bounce back in new avatars. Not so long ago radio had been written off as fuddy-duddy, down market and not so cool. Television and later â€Å"new media† were touted to being the media of the future. But thanks to technology radio is making a comeback. In fact, in its new avatar-fm-radio is all set too become the hippest, coolest and most with -it medium. FM radio is a new entity altogether and has to deal with new market dynamics. Media owners dealing with new markets will virtually have to draw up their strategies as they go along, create programming that is new, innovative and grab away eyeballs from TV sets and make them tune into their radio sets. Its a whole new challenge and competition is never far away. Ad revenues will also not be easy to come by, as advertisers will expect media players to put their money where their speakers are before they commit large sums of money towards radio advertising. The other challenge for radio in attracting advertisers is the nature of the medium-radio has always considered being a reminder medium. The involvement of listeners to radio is low, Vis a Vis television or print media. However in spite of the various challenges the emergence of private FM stations is certain to increase the quantum of radio advertising in the country , much like satellite channels did to the quantum of television advertising in the country. That should open up a vast new market of consumers-100 million Indian households own an estimated 150 million radios, outnumbering television sets 3:1. The geographical area covered by radio in India in India is as high as 98 percent and the penetration level is approximately 97 percent. But FM presently covers only 17 percent of the area and 21 % of the population of India through transmitters. Currently radio has just 2 percent of the 9000 crore Indian advertising market according to an Arthur Andersons survey. Globally depending on each country, radio has a 5 % to 12 % of the advertising cake. On the higher side are countries like the United States with 13 %, Canada with 12.7% and Spain with 9.1%. FM station executives are not forthcoming on multi-platform strategies as yet. Given that radio has penetrated into 100 million homes and a FM set costs around Rs. 50/- FICCI estimates FMs share up from the present 1.5 percent to 5 % in five years. They have also forecasted that revenues from radio advertising in India will be Rs. Rs. 1200 crores by 2005 and Revenue of radio services is expected to rise to Rs 689 crore by 2008 at a CAGR of 30 per cent. While TV is a family medium, radio is personalized. Also advertising of certain product seems to work very well while some might not. For example, cellular phone service or auto related products would have a good impact when advertised on radio is primarily known as a â€Å"drive time† medium most people who turn in are doing so while commuting. Thus the potential if FM is better is bigger town, as the car population is much bigger. This would be the key when evaluating the medium. Also one must not forgot that radio continues to be a medium that has tremendous reach among the poor and marginalized sections of society. With the coming of more channels, and the emergence of lifestyle advertising, radio will become a push and pull medium. As said earlier, is not just making a comeback but is being reincarnated into a new avatar. Some Basic Technical Knowledge Any radio setup has two parts: * The transmitter * The receiver The transmitter takes some sort of message (it could be the sound of someones voice, pictures for a TV set, data for a radio modem or whatever), encodes it onto a sine wave and transmits it with radio waves. The receiver receives the radio waves and decodes the message from the sine wave it receives. Both the transmitter and receiver use antennas to radiate and capture the radio signal. When you listen to a radio station and the announcer says, you are listening to 91.5 fm â€Å"what the announcer means is that you are listening to a radio station broadcasting an fm radio signal at a frequency of 91.5 megahertz. Megahertz means millions of cycles per second, so 91.5 megahertz means that the transmitter at the radio station is operating at a frequency of 91,500,000 cycles per second. Your fm (frequency modulated) radio can tune in to that specific frequency and give you clear reception of that station. All fm radio stations transmit in a band of frequencies between 88 megahertz and 108 megahertz. This band of the radio spectrum is used for no other purpose but fm radio broadcasts. Common frequency band includes the following†¦ * AM radio 535 kilohertz to 1.7 megahertz * FM radio 88 megahertz to 108 megahertz AM radio has been around a lot longer than FM radio. The first radio broadcasts occurred in 1906 or so, and frequency allocation for AM radio occurred during the 1920s. In the 1920s, radio and electronic capabilities were fairly limited, hence the relatively low frequencies for AM radio. FM radio was invented by a man named Edwin Armstrong in order to make high-fidelity (and static-free) music broadcasting possible. He built the first station in 1939, but FM did not become really popular until the 1960s. Royalties FM is primarily a music channel, so the question of royalties is relevant. The Indian Protographic Record Society (IPRS) and Phonographic Performance (P) Ltd. (PPL) are supposed to hold all the rights of royalties. They are demanding Rs. 1,500 per hour (as against Rs. 100 per hour, at which they are supplying music to AIR), PPL is demanding a royalty of Rs. 250 per hour of needle time, the actual duration of a piece of music. The IPRS is demanding Rs. 100 per hour. The IPRS claims royalty for the original composers and authors of music. Cost Aspect A Licencee pays Rs. 6000/- per hour. Add Rs. 1,500/- for the music. Add Rs. 3,000/- for the technology, salaries and other expenses. An hour long show thus costs Rs. 10,500. 10 Minutes have been set aside for advertising. One minute is reserved out of 10 minutes for social awareness advertising. Thus, advertising time available for sale is 9 minutes. In other words, 18 advertisements each of 30 seconds can be accommodate in an hour. This is the high target. Besides the tariff card should be modest, considering the limited range and listenership supposing a 30 seconder costs Rs. 500 at prime time for 18 such spots, the total revenue generated is Rs. 9000/- . Another estimate puts the production cost of an hour long programme around Rs. 6,000/-. Add Rs. 6,000/- of the licensee fee to AIR. Studio hiring costs are between Rs. 500 Rs. 1000 an hour. The total expenses are thus Rs. 12,500 to Rs. 13,000 per hour. Advent of Format Radio The arrival of Moving Pictures with sound and then Television were expected to be the death knell for Radio. However Radio has not just survived repeated predictions of its demise but grown tremendously. It has benefited listeners and advertisers alike and earned the status of a Constant Companion What allowed Radio to accomplish this feat? Read on for the long journey the Radio industry has covered thus far. It was way back in 1895, that Guglielmo Marconi invented an antenna to send and receive radio signals. It took quite a while before Reginald Fessenden developed the first radio receiver in 1913. However, experts give a lot of credit to David Sarnoff who actually conceived what is called as the radio music box. It was Sarnoff who suggested that radio should be mass-produced for public consumption. His persistence paid off in 1919 when such sets were available for general purchase. This saw the beginning of what was later looked on as the Golden Age of Radio. Early 1920s saw the launch of commercial radio. People in households would gather around the radio to listen to their favorite programs much as they do today with TV. Radio became the first medium delivering entertainment to the masses in their homes. The 1st paid announcement on radio was a 10-minute capsule from Howthorne Court; a Queens based Real Estate Company. This era was characterized with block programming wherein radio offered something to everyone. News, drama, sports; live musical recordings would be presented in 30 or 60-minute programs. A network soap opera could be followed by a 15-minute newscast followed by one hour of a concert. Then in the 1950s TV began to catch the publics attention. Audiences were charmed by the audiovisual experience of TV. A large number of popular shows moved from radio to TV. That was not all, as the radio industry was also losing a large number of talented staff to TV. At this point in time, radio experts discovered an opportunity that only radio could provide. They realized that radio was the only medium that could be used while doing other things, like getting dressed for work, cooking a meal, traveling to office, studying and more. Radio turned local and moved to what is known in the industry as Format programming. This era also spawned two of radios greatest strengths: immediacy and local service. Format radio strategy was based on providing the same kind of entertainment to a selected audience, throughout the day, seven days a week. As the story goes, Storz and McClendon used to frequent a local malt shop, which had a jukebox. They observed that the customers would usually come and play the same songs that they liked, over and over again. In fact, the staff serving these people would end up playing just the same songs even when the shop was closed.From this insight emerged the Top 40 format or the Contemporary Hit Radio (CHR) format were the most popular hits would be played on a higher rotation. This led to a change in the way radio time was being sold. Sales people shifted from selling programs to selling commercials. It also led to a shift in the way radio programs were scheduled. As radio was being used as a background medium of entertainment, it had to be relevant to the listener at every point of time in the day. The shows therefore had to be reflective of various day parts in the life of the listener. Irrespective of the form it came in, format radio definitely made radio not just survive the onslaught of TV but also made it grow tremendously. Being the only medium that could be carried and used wherever you are, it could update you about your world throughout the day while providing you with the entertainment you like all the time. Radio became The Constant Companion. The total number of radio sets at the time of independence in 1947 was a mere 275000.at that time a radio receiver used to be a status symbol in this country. But today its possession is taken for granted. According to estimates, there are radio sets in about 105 million households in the country. History of Indian Radio For more than 4 decades, the Government of India did not permit private radio stations to broadcast in India. Then history changed its course. In 1993, the Government allowed private FM operators to buy blocks (chunks) on All India Radio, prepare programming content, book commercials from advertisers and broadcast the whole lot. Within 4 years, (1997-98), the FM Radio advertising and sponsorship business grew to Rs. 93 crores with Times of Indias Times FM Mid-Day Groups Radio Mid-Day becoming the main players. Then, in June 1998 the Government, through its electronic media regulatory body Prasar Bharti, decided not to renew contracts of private FM operators.Not surprisingly, the advertising revenue fell by 50% within a year! This time, the Government gave the green light to privatize radio in India. July 6, 1999 was the historic day when the Government announced that 150 new FM channels would be licensed across 40 cities. And in 2000, the Government auctioned licenses for private FM channels to bolster the revenue. And the focus on metros was evident in the bidding. Expecting to collect Rs 800 million from auctioning 108 licenses, the government had to actually face mass withdrawal of bidders because of the huge license fee. A handful of serious bidders chose to remain. In response to the Governments offer, many companies bid for the licenses to operate in key markets. But the going was not so easy. Many gave up, unable to shell out the high license fee. For instance, the bidding price for the Mumbai license was reportedly to the tune of Rs 9.75 crore. Others dropped out saying the business was not viable. So, in effect, the competition shrank, players consolidated and the Government extended its deadline. Today, there are roughly 10 players who will operate approximately in 37 cities across the country. The government collected close to Rs 4.6 billion as license fee for the privately run FM radio channels in 40 cities. New Media Broadcasting, a Zee Group company, which focused mainly on the smaller towns, won the largest number of bids. The first round of bidding for 76 channels in 26 cities, garnered close to Rs 3.5 billion. The government got the highest bids Rs 97.5 million from each of 10 broadcast companies for stations in Mumbai. Interestingly, the bids for Hyderabad and Nagpur came next, each for Rs 77.2 million and Rs 74 million, respectively, while the bids for Delhi were Rs 71.2 million each Radio is expected to follow the growth of the Television industry, which grew rapidly following the entry of private players Currently, FM coverage in India is restricted to just 17% of the country, compared to 89% of All India Radio (AIR). Players in Different Centers Company Location of Centers Number of Centers Bid amount for first years license (Rs. crore) Entertainment Network [India] Delhi, Mumbai, Calcutta, Chennai, Ahmedabad, Bhubaneshwar, Cuttack, Hyderabad, Indore, Jabalpur, Lucknow, Pune 12 43.87 Hitz FM Calcutta 1 1.00 India FM Calcutta 1 1.00 Living Media Delhi, Mumbai, Calcutta 3 17.87 Mid Day Broadcasting Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai 3 20.17 Millennium Broadcasting Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai 3 20.17 Music Broadcasting Delhi, Mumbai, Nagpur, Bangalore, Patna, Lucknow 6 41.37 Sumangali Publications Sun TV Chennai, Coimbatore, Tirunalveli 3 9.87 Vertex Broadcasting Calcutta, Indore, Bhopal, Vishakapatnam 4 2.90 Udaya TV Sun TV Vishakapatnam 1 0.50 Incidentally, Music Broadcasting became the first firm in India to commence private FM broadcast from Bangalore in July. Licence Fee and revenue sharing model Currently, FM players pay annual licence fees, which go up by 15 per cent every year. Private FM radio sector would shift to a revenue-sharing model from the existing licence fee regime. However, revenue-sharing also exists in the media sector. The objective is to â€Å"make FM radio a success story†. Its better to keep the revenue-sharing low than to have a failed project. There has been debate on whether to recommend a revenue-sharing structure or a fixed amount for a period of 10 years; it is firm on revenue-sharing now. Revenue-sharing will follow payment of a one-time entry fee through a process of bidding. Revenue-sharing is quite low at around 4 %. While the private FM players had sought revenue-sharing in the band of 2-2.5 per cent, the panel has fixed it at 4 per cent. Setting up new radio stations After the second round of privatization, the number of FM radio stations targeted is around 300 to 400. The panel also suggested that players wanting to enter the sector in the second round of licensing need to have a technical viability clearance by a financial institution on the financial viability of the project. It has also recommended to the government to release additional spectrum for the use of FM radio companies so that the number of companies operating in one centre can go up. Future of Radio Industry FM Radio can play its part in building a stronger business future for India. Providing free-to-air local broadcasts of music and entertainment, helpful information traffic advisories, community announcements and public service messages provide a real value-added service. But at current levels of advertising support, each radio station is reeling under the brutal financial impact of high costs. With more players in the fray the FM radio industry would grow and also enhance the governments yield from licensing radio naturally. The new India deserves an active private FM radio sector. It can provide a level playing field with benefits for listeners, for advertisers, employment career options. Spearhead the government objective of growing the FM radio business in India. With the government ready to reduce the license fees it will help in attractingnew palyers like reliance which had earlier backed out only due to the entry fees.also government allowing foreign players to enter he Indian market it will help the industry grow. Virgin group has already started exploring the Indian market for suitable partners. various radio stations are coming up with IPO for example Radio Mirchi thus helping them expand. The future looks bright as the reach of radio is expected to raise post the increase in the number and quality of players in the industry. It is on the basis of these key drivers of growth, it is being predicted that radios share in the total advertising pie will see an increase in the medium term. There are an estimated 150 million radio sets across the country. The Rs 1.6 billion industry is reported to be growing by 31 per cent every year and should touch the Rs 6.2 billion by 2007, with revenue rising at 23 per cent annually. Also, though radio has only a 2 per cent share in the Rs 6,000 crore Indian advertising market, advertising spending is expected to amount to Rs 500 crore this year. SWOT Analysis Strengths: * Recently, the government has agreed upon revenue-sharing model, which is 4 % for the growth of the radio stations. So that they can develop themselves well because this industry is still in an introduction stage. * The success of private FM stations, and reveals that radio listenership habits have changed considerably; not only are listeners tuning into it more often but also sticking to radio for longer hours everyday. * The advertisers, who would depend on word-of-mouth, pamphlets, brochures or ads in local supplements of newspapers, are welcoming the opportunity. * Radio is considered as a background medium, because people can listen to radio anytime and anywhere they want. It is also a free medium. * 90% of India has access to radio which is unmatched by any other media. * Radio also reaches to uneducated village folk who do not read print publications. At the places where the literacy rates are low where people hardly read newspapers and radio is the only medium that they can understand. They cant afford a TV set. Therefore radio is more popular. * Radio is the least cost medium and it helps to reach mass audience with various backgrounds. Radio offers its reach frequency and selectivity at one of the lowest costs per thousand and radio production is relatively inexpensive. * Radio is considered as a medium where the â€Å"Proximity to purchase† is very high. * Radio is a complement to another media. Therefore, other media or the advertisers or agency can use this medium for brand recall. Weakness: * One of the major weaknesses of Radio is that there is very less differentiation in the programmes that are aired. Most of the stations plays much of the music that is played consist of Hindi Film songs, and therefore it is difficult to differentiate between the programmes of the different channels. * Fragmented Audience the large number of the audience in India is fragmented in various remote places. And therefore, the percentage of listener tuned to anyone station is likely very small. * No proper research available research is very important for any advertising segment. Research is the main base to attract client and get more revenue. But, in India there is no proper research is available. Many stations are conducting their own research which can be biased. * Radio-only nature of radio communication is a tremendous creative compromise. An advertiser whose product depends on demonstration or visual impact is at a loss when it comes to radio. And like its radio message creates a fleeting impression that is often gone in an instant. Many advertisers think that without strong visual brand identification the medium can play little or no role in their advertising plans. * Increase in listenership numbers but no increase in ad revenue. This is the situation that every radio channel is facing. * Short commercials Opportunities: * Getting copyright licenses from the government for running mega events which are aired on the AIR radio station and have been restricted to be aired on other private stations. * Launching a radio station with 24-hour news channel * Tie-ups with BEST or railway authority for playing the FM in train and in bus. * The launch of Private Radio FM has managed to create a set of ‘New Listeners for the medium * The new radio stations which will come in future they can have venture with the college or university campuses. And can play their station which will exclusively provide with the information relating to that university/college campus. * With the coming of the many more new players in the radio industry each channels can position themselves quite different from others, like, if some station is targeting the health conscious people then their programming strategy will vary accordingly. And then it is easier for the advertisers also to decide on which channel to advertise. * Allowing private FM players to start news and current affairs programmes. * One has to constantly innovate, and that is the challenge. Brand building is thus much more difficult. At the same time, we are very bullish, and gung-ho about this whole enterprise. * Leaves huge scope for innovation in local market Threats: * The biggest threat to private radio industry players is ALL INDIA RADIO. AIR is the biggest player in India because of its reach, low charges, government channel etc†¦ * Because of the new government policies there will be more number of stations and then competition will also increase. This is one of the biggest threats it faces. With no particular differentiation in the music. So, there is a fear of losing its brand loyalty. Advertising in India India has been among the fastest growing economies in the world, with a nominal GDP CAGR of 9.94% over the last 10 years (1995-2005). The nominal GDP for fiscal 2005 was Rs. 30,636 billion. According to CSO estimates nominal GDP growth for fiscal 2006 is estimated at 10.9%. There is a correlation between the economic growth rates of a country i.e. the nominal GDP growth rate, and growth rates of the advertising industry The Indian advertising spends, as a percentage of GDP, is 0.34%, which lags behind other developed and developing countries During fiscal 2005, the gross advertising spend in India is estimated at Rs 111 billion, and is expected to grow at 14.2% to reach Rs. 127 billion by fiscal 2006 Segmentation in advertising The five key industry segments comprise print, television, radio, cinema, and outdoor. These different segments within the industry are at varying stages of growth and corporatization Media Spends as % of Total Ad Spend Year Print TV Radio Cinema Outdoor Internet 2000 49.0% 39.3% 2.5% 0.5% 8.4% 0.3% 2001 48.4% 40.6% 2.7% 0.4% 7.5% 0.4% 2002 47.2% 41.9% 2.9% 0.7% 7.0% 0.4% 2003 46.6% 43.0% 2.9% 0.7% 6.5% 0.4% 2004 46.3% 43.7% 2.9% 0.6% 6.0% 0.3% The Indian television industry has grown rapidly, especially since 1991, which saw the beginning of satellite broadcasting in India. This growth was also aided by the economic liberalization program of the Government. The growth of the satellite television audience saw proliferation of a number of satellite television channels offering more choices to media buyers and consumers of entertainment. Thus, the television broadcasting business, which started off as a single government controlled television channel, now has over 300 channels covering the Indian footprint, resulting in growing ad spends on this medium. Reforms and proliferation of private players were the key reasons for this rapid growth of the share of television in the advertising industry. Radio Advertising Radio is still the king when it comes to getting your music. The best way for a new band to get heard by the public and record label executions is over the airwaves. Paradoxically, radio currently has only a 2.9 per cent share of the total advertising pie in India. Globally, depending on country, radio has a 5 per cent to 12 per cent share of the advertising cake. On the higher side are countries like the United States, with 13 per cent, Canada, with 12.7 per cent and Spain, with 9.1 per cent. Companies that advertise on FM channels today such as Hindustan Lever (HLL), Dr Morepen, Amul, Castrol, Santro, Britannia, Parle, DSP Merrill Lynch etc are dominating the advertising on each one of the FM channels, be it Radio Mirchi, Go 92.5 Red 93.5 or Radio City. Today, 70 per cent of the advertising comes from big-budget, national advertisers and the balance 30 per cent comes from retail. It is a known fact that retail advertising will grow because radio presents the perfect advertising medium for local businesses in a local environment. But national advertisers are also operational in the local market, implying that it is as important to them as it is to a retail advertiser, if not more. Nevertheless, it is undeniable that radio can be integral in exposing a new artist, new product or services to new fans and taking a local market to a national level. Accordingly, it is extremely difficult to obtain meaningful airplay. Putting it bluntly, successful radio promotion revolves around making and managing relationships. Radio promotion is an art that demands a certain style you may simply neither have nor desire to cultivate. On top of that, it can take a great deal of time to make all the contacts and connections that are required for successful radio promotion. Advertising agencies that control the national picture will be slow to move on to radio for creative reasons. They have people who love to make television commercials, but dont have anybody who knows how radio works. Here, only about 2.9 per cent of the money spent by advertisers goes to radio, and up till now, all of that went to ALL INDIA RADIO. However, in revenue terms, money from advertising has gone up. Revenue from commercials on AIR, including on Vividh Bharti and Primary Channel (including FM) rose from Rs 393 million in 1990, to Rs 808.4 million in 2000, Rs. 600 crores in 2002, representing a growth of about 7.5 per cent per annum.

Reality Is Perception :: essays research papers

Reality Is Perception Human reality is full of physical objects but how humans perceive these objects is completely objective, depending on the person and there senses. Perception of physical objects cannot occur without other objects that allow one to perceive these manifestations in the first place. When a sentient being acknowledges that they "exist in a world of physical objects", they also confirm that their sense perception functions to an extent which allows them to reason, even to a small degree, their physical existence. What is a physical object? Does a physical object have to be something you can see, touch, feel, taste, or smell or can a physical object exist without one being able to confirm its existence? Is the sensory perception of a fly wrong just because it has over a 1000 eyes or is the way humans view the world incorrect because we do not? A blind man can still help a person distinguish a colour because no one perception is ever totally interpreted by only one sensory organ. Many other animals on earth do not just rely on there sight for information about their world. For instance fish in totally dark areas of the ocean have no eyes and yet can still maneuver around in there environment by sensing ripples in their area with special sense organs on their body. Birds also seem to use the magnetic lines of the earth to navigate south for the winter each year. It would be foolish to make the statement that all sensory perception of the world is circumspect and is exactly the same for all creatures. All animals on the planet earth live in a hermeneutic spiral meaning that we all live in the past. Humans as with other animals can only sense a cause after it has made an effect. The assumption is made that if we sense an effect there must therefore be a cause, which leads to a naà ¯ve realism of perception. As well, with sensory perception there is a large amount of extraneous information such as emotional and ideological that causes interference as to how we interpret the information received. This misinterpretation can happen from the time an action is made to the time when we seem to perceive the action. This can be seen for instance when at a baseball game the batter bats a home run and only after a second or two you hear the crack of the bat on the ball. This can be explained because the speed of light which allows you to see the batter hitting the ball is much faster than the

Native American Boarding Schools

An Indian boarding school refers to one of many schools that were established in the United States during the late 19th century to educate Native American youths according to Euro-American standards. These schools were primarily run by missionaries. These often proved traumatic to Native American children, who were forbidden to speak their native languages, taught Christianity and denied the right to practice their native religions, and in numerous other ways forced to abandon their Native American identities and adopt European-American culture and the English language. There were many documented cases of sexual, physical and mental abuse occurring at these schools. In the late eighteenth century, reformers starting with Washington and Knox, in efforts to â€Å"civilize† or otherwise assimilate Native Americans (as opposed to relegating them to reservations), adopted the practice of educating native children in modern American culture. The Civilization Fund Act of 1819 promoted this civilization policy by providing funding to societies (mostly religious) who worked on Native American improvement. Attendance in Indian boarding schools generally grew throughout the first half of the 20th century and doubled in the 1960s. Enrollment reached its highest point in the 1970s. In 1973, 60,000 American Indian children are estimated to have been enrolled in an Indian boarding school. Several events in the late 1960s and mid-1970s (Kennedy Report, National Study of American Indian Education, Indian Self-Determination and Education Assistance Act of 1975) led to more emphasis on community schools. Many large Indian boarding schools closed in the 1980s and early 1990s. In 2007, 9,500 American Indian children lived in an Indian boarding school dormitory. This includes 45 on-reservation boarding schools, 7 off-reservation boarding schools and 14 peripheral dormitories. From 1879 to the present day, hundreds of thousands of American Indians are estimated to have attended an Indian boarding school. Native American children were often separated from their families and people when they were sent or sometimes taken to boarding schools off the reservations. These schools ranged from those like the federal Carlisle boarding School, to schools sponsored by religious organizations to some created by non-profits such as the founding of an Indian school in Hanover, New Hampshire in 1769. In addition to reading, writing, and arithmetic, the Carlisle curriculum constituted of vocational training for boys and domestic science for girls, including chores around the school and producing goods for market. In the summer students were often outsourced to local farms and townspeople to continue their immersion and provide labor at low cost. Carlisle and its curriculum would become the model for the Bureau of Indian Affairs and by 1902 there were twenty-five federally funded non-reservation schools across fifteen states and territories with a of over 6,000. Although federal legislation made education compulsory for Native Americans, removing students from reservations required parent authorization, although coercion and even violence were often used to secure the preset quota of students from any given reservation. Once the new students arrived at the boarding schools, life altered drastically. They were given new haircuts, uniforms, and even new English names, sometimes based on their own, other times assigned at random. They could no longer speak their own languages, even between each other, and they were expected to convert to Christianity. Life was run by the strict orders of their teachers, and it often included grueling chores and stiff punishments.

Linguistic Changes of an Individual in Migration Essay

As the world becomes increasingly globalised, we observe a rising trend where individuals migrate for educational and economic opportunities. The prestige of being educated in a highly ranked university and the prospects of higher paying jobs are definitely important pull factors for both internal and international migration (Welch, 1970). When people move, they also transfer the use of their existing linguistic repertoire to their host country. However, what might have been effective at home might be interpreted differently when placed in different socioeconomic contexts. Hence, the relative value of linguistic repertoire one possesses and how mobile are one’s language skills in the world determines how a migrant interacts with a new community. Consequently, this paper seeks to provide insight on how the relative value of linguistic resources affects one’s mobility and decisions in community interactions. Drawing on Blommaert’s study on the sociolinguistics of globalisation, this discussion will focus on how an individual’s linguistic repertoire is being used to one’s advantage within the community. It also highlights the changes which occur when one attempts to transfer the same linguistic repertoire as the shift to a place of varying cultural and linguistic ability. As Blommaert suggests, â€Å"placed resources are resources that are functional in one particular place but can become dysfunctional as soon as they are moved to other places† (Blommaert, 2003). Essentially, this essay seeks to expound on the changes of one’s linguistic repertoire and how it affects one’s interactions with new communities resulting from migration. Linguistic repertoire refers to linguistic varieties acquired by an individual to different degrees of proficiency and for different uses (Crystal, 1990). The acquisition of linguistic repertoire thus extends not only to the procurement of different types of language codes like English and Hindi, but also the speech styles and genres within each language. In light of this definition, this paper chooses to trace how one’s use of language repertoire might change in the context of internal migration and international migration. With this in mind, a migrant from India who experienced both types of migration was chosen. India boasts twenty-two official languages as per the Constitution of India, where English is determined as the secondary official language and is used as lingua franca throughout India. Within the context of this paper, the experiences of the migrant serve to provide personal insight on language mobility within the transmigrational arena. Research methodology and background of interviewee With this in mind, a fifty minute interview was carried out on 16th October 2012 to gather substantial data in order to provide a comparison between internal and international migration. The sole participant is Joshua Cherian, aged 24 who is currently pursuing a postgraduate education in Singapore. He was born and raised in Kerala, Southern India, after which he moved to Jamshedpur, Northern India to pursue a tertiary education before working in New Delhi. He was taught English at a young age and learnt Hindi during university, while his mother tongue is Malayalam. During the interview, questions were asked ranging from the interviewee’s experiences of language acquisition and his experiences in India and Singapore to language policies in India. Utilising his personal insights on adapting to different communities and observing it through the concepts provided in Blommaert’s study, the relative value of linguistic repertoire consequently becomes more obvious not only from country to country but also within different areas of the community. Language repertoire in internal migration Within India, it is said to have a de-facto three plus minus one language policy. Those who neither speak the language of the state nor the two official languages, English and Hindi, now have to grapple with learning four languages in order to pass the school systems and secure jobs within the modern sector (Laitin. D, 1989). Consequently, many people who migrate in the pursuit of education or jobs find it necessary to expand their language repertoire in order to compete for the chance of upward socioeconomic mobility within India. Joshua notes that: â€Å"There is a divide between the corporate world and industrial world, where managers and people in multinational companies speak in english, but those in manufacturing speak Hindi in work. In the north of India everyone speaks Hindi, so I had to learn Hindi. When I worked in Delhi, I spoke mostly Hindi in my workplace, because I am a manager of labourers and those who just passed tenth standard, they just need to make something so they don’t need English. People who do software need to interact with clients overseas, so it is important for them to speak English.† Due the demands of his job, Joshua was required to expand his language repertoire to include fluent Hindi in order to communicate with his subordinates effectively. Although English could have sufficed in interacting with white-collar professionals, learning Hindi would have enabled Joshua to ensure a smooth running of operations that he was in charge with. As such, it is observed that migrants tend to expand their language repertoire within internal migration according to which languages are most functional within their community. Furthermore, an expansion of linguistic repertoire also affects one’s interaction the community. As immigrants acquire proficiency in more languages, there is a tendency to broaden their participation in various communities within the area that they have settled in. This is especially evident in Joshua’s recount: â€Å"In India you would have to know many languages in order to fit into different communities. University students will use English because it is prestigious. It shows you are well educated. Outside of the education system, everyone speaks their own dialect or their own state language. I used to hang out with many friends when I was studying in Jamshedpur who came from all over India. I also managed to become my student governing body’s president, so speaking the many languages helped me reach out to a lot of people.† Even though migrants who migrate within their home country experience a new environment, there are common cultural familiarities that they can relate to by being in the same country. Naturally, this allows them to assimilate into the communities easily since they already share similar cultural and national identities. Rather, this pre-existing factor enables immigrants like Joshua to interact with different groups of people. Such a preference is also extremely beneficial to an individual within a new community as they are able to called upon a large network of acquaintances should they need help in the future. Hence, the broadening of one’s interaction with many communities would be positively correlated to the acquisition of language repertoire because both serve the same purpose of helping the migrant assimilate well into the new environment they are in. Language Repertoire in International Migration In contrast to internal migration, one’s use of language repertoire might decrease across different geographical spaces. It is noted that international migration denotes a shift to a foreign culture in which the values placed upon certain languages is different from one’s original country. As such, many migrants would utilise a language within their repertoire that is widely used in the world. Joshua relates his experience moving from India to Singapore: â€Å"When I first arrived in Singapore, everything was easy for me to get used to because I was already proficient in English. Even if I needed help, I could just approach anyone and they would reply me in English. I don’t even Hindi anymore because the friends and people I meet with speak only in English. Perhaps it is because there are so many races here so communication needs to be in a common language. Although I have friends from India here, they never speak in their mother tongue! Everyone would rather speak in English than Hindi! Despite Joshua’s extensive language repertoire, he only speaks in English in Singapore, thereby showing a decrease in language repertoire employed in daily life. In most cases of international migration, migrants often move from the ‘periphery’ to the ‘core’ of the world system. As one attempts to transfer one’s language repertoire from one country to another, the languages employed more frequently within the core global system would be more mobile compared to other languages. In particular, because Singapore is a multi-racial community, it requires English as a lingua franca in order to achieve cohesiveness and efficiency. Consequently, rather than expanding one’s linguistic repertoire to gain access to every community, a migrant in Singapore need only focus on speaking proficient English, which subsequently narrows his language repertoire within the host country. Parallel to one’s decrease in language repertoire, it is observed that migrants narrow their participation to a few communities that they are comfortable with. While migrants who migrate internally tend to broaden their participation in a wide array of communities, people who migrate internationally prefer to focus their efforts in interacting with a particular community where they feel most comfortable with. Joshua, expresses that: â€Å" I like to be in a place where I can interact with people well. When I came to Singapore, everybody spoke â€Å"Singlish†. It was especially hard for me to understand the jokes of my Singaporean friends. Thats why I wanted to be in a Christian group, so I went around to look for churches and even joined the varsity christian fellowship. Then I found a church cell group to be in and we could talk about common things, at least everyone there understands what I am going through when I talk about my struggles and life. I don’t meet with the Indian community much because everyone here speaks English anyway and I am more comfortable speaking in English, so when I talk about God and faith, I don’t get any puzzled looks when I am with church people† For most immigrants, being in a foreign community could be unsettling because there exists stark differences in culture that they might not understand. In Joshua’s case, not being able to understand Singlish hindered his active participation in various communities, especially in understanding humour within the sociocultural context of Singaporean society. As such, by participating in communities with specific shared beliefs that the migrant can identify with, it could be easier for him to assimilate into a new environment. Communities with shared beliefs also tend to share a similar use of register in their daily speech. Drawing on Joshua’s case of finding a christian community, a christian setting could be more comfortable for him because he understands the semantics of words such as â€Å"communion† and â€Å"faith† used frequently in that community. Additionally, by narrowing one’s participation to few communities, individuals would have more time to spend more effort on forging closer relationships within a particular communities. This in turn could be more beneficial to the migrant as this niche area of society provides a source of emotional support for the migrant in order to cope with the anxiety of being away from home. Conclusion What Joshua has experienced demonstrates the constant change of the value of language resources as he shifts between places in migration. This relative value of one’s linguistic resources is largely due to cultural and socioeconomic factors that have shaped the community to place emphasis on certain languages and speech styles. As such, an immigrant’s increase or decrease language repertoire is largely affected by the placed importance of certain languages within their host communities. In conclusion, this paper has asserts that language mobility is profoundly affected by the changing values of linguistic resources which vary from place to place, especially when there is a shift of resources from the periphery to the core of the world system. Whether one participates in a wide number of communities or chooses to focus their efforts in a single community depends on a change in one’s use of his language repertoire. References 0. Blommaert, J. (2003). Commentary: A Sociolinguistics of Globalization. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7/4, 2003: 607-623 0. Crystal, D. (1990). A Liturgical Language in a Sociolinguistic Perspective. In D. & R.C.D. Jasper (eds),Language and the worship of the church (Basingstoke: Macmillan), 120-46 0. Laitin D. D. (1989). Language Policy and Political Strategy in India. Policy Sciences, Vol. 22, No. 3/4, Policymaking in Developing Countries (1989), pp. 415-436 0. Welch F. (1970). ‘’Education in Production’, Journal of Political Economy, 78 (1), January/February, 35-59

Writing for the Web

Writing for the Web Writing for the Web Writing for the Web By Mark Nichol People read online for the same reasons that they read print documents: to obtain information or knowledge, to complete forms and applications, or to be entertained. The key difference, however, between habits of print readers and online readers is that online readers are more likely than print readers to be researching, not reading. Here are some recommendations for producing successful websites. Consider these study results: Four out of five people scan online content rather than read word by word. On a typical Web page, readers read only about one-fifth of the content. The more words on a Web page, the lower the percentage of words readers are likely to read. Readers tend to read closer to one-half of online content when a Web page’s text is limited to about one hundred words. Most of these figures date back to the late 1990s, when fewer people went online, Web design and architecture was less sophisticated, and much of the content was functional (now, many websites, like this one, are equivalent to periodicals or books), but the findings are still essentially valid. For that reason, clarity and conciseness advisable in any form of communication is even more important in online content. In many circumstances, readers will be drawn to easily accessed information. Rather than presenting paragraph after paragraph of content in blocks of text, as is routine in print publication, give readers multiple reference points: Use headlines that are informative first, and clever second, if at all. Break content up into small blocks of text separated by subheadings. Organize brief items into numbered or bullet lists. Provide information in captions for photographs and graphics. Place the most important information at the top of a page or at the beginning of a piece of content. The primary goal for the owner of a website, whether it’s a commercial site or one whose primary purpose is to provide information or impart knowledge, should be to increase the number of readers and retain those readers. To that end, websites should be designed and organized to help visitors locate what they need or want understand what they locate apply what they locate to satisfy their needs or wants How do you know what readers want from your website? Try these strategies: Analyze reader communication comments, emails, and other contact. Engage with readers by asking them directly by email or through the site itself. Note, in your site analytics, the most popular pages and the top word searches. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:12 Signs and Symbols You Should Know7 Tips for Writing a Film ReviewFew vs. Several

Missing Words Change Everything

Missing Words Change Everything Missing Words Change Everything Missing Words Change Everything By Mark Nichol Empires, fortunes, and people rise and fall and fall on the insertion or omission of a word or two. OK, so the stakes are usually not so high, but misunderstandings and embarrassment are bad enough. Here are sentences that suffer (in increasing order of significance) because they are each missing one or more words. 1. â€Å"The game was created by Jane Roe and John Doe, an actress and former ad man.† When one person, place, or thing is described with two or more words or phrases, the template is â€Å"a/an (blank) and (blank).† When two or more nouns are described in tandem, however, the respective descriptions must be separated not only by a conjunction but also by an additional indefinite article: â€Å"The game was created by Jane Roe and John Doe, an actress and a former ad man.† (Otherwise, the sentence reads as if only John Doe is being described as an actress and former ad man.) 2. â€Å"Polling shows that social issues such as abortion represent perhaps Obama’s best opportunity to draw support from Romney.† This sentence, as written, implies that depending on Barack Obama’s position on abortion, he could obtain the support of his Republican challenger for the US presidency a significant writing (and/or editing) faux pas triggered by the absence of a word that might at first glance seem redundant to from. However, the phrase â€Å"away from,† rather than from alone, correctly indicates that the support would be derived not from Romney but from ambivalent or undecided voters encouraged not to vote for him: â€Å"Polling shows that social issues such as abortion represent perhaps Obama’s best opportunity to draw support away from Romney.† 3. â€Å"Prosecutors in the trial of a hockey mom accused of sex with her son’s teenage teammates gave the boys alcohol.† Although these errors two, not just one, in this example are not as significant in terms of import as the one in the previous example, they are more detrimental to the parties involved. For one thing, the hockey mom, not the prosecutors, allegedly provided alcohol to the youths. Second, the article later details that the woman had sex with two boys on her son’s team, not with â€Å"her son’s teenage teammates† an error of scope that implies that she serviced the entire team. The sentence, based on a reading of the entire article, should read â€Å"Prosecutors in the trial of a hockey mom accused of sex with two of her son’s teenage teammates say she gave the boys alcohol.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Business Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:36 Adjectives Describing Light3 Types of HeadingsHow Verbs Become Adjectives

6 Common Resume Mistakes That Make Recruiters Cringe

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TQM Impact on Company Performance Research Paper

TQM Impact on Company Performance - Research Paper Example This research paper evaluates the effectiveness of tactical strategies, such as Total Quality Management (TQM) used for operations management on overall business performance. Tactical Strategies and Operations Management Overall business performance are assessed based on main corporate priorities such as service, employee performance and motivation, competitive advantage, and growth and profits (Milgate, 2004). It is at the tactical management level that various methods, plans, policies, and techniques are designed and are implemented in operations; these will help in achieving the corporate-level strategies and organizational objectives (Lowson, 2002). In fact, strategies at operations level aid in setting short-term objectives for long-term organizational objectives through tactical operations aspirations that will assist in planning resources, technologies, capabilities for routine operations. It is at this level that strategies and their practices for continuous improvement, lear ning and knowledge management, quality focus etc can be entwined with operational methods and practices meant to achieve overall organizational evolution and growth. Role of TQM in Operations Management: Tactical strategies and plans are meant for functional areas, which need to be implemented by the operations managers. Moreover, tactical plans would require modification or reformulation to suit respective functional areas (Smit, 2007). From this perspective, Kumar et al (2009) have highlighted that many researchers emphasize the role of tactical strategies like the TQM on company’s performance; however, their study actually assesses the role of TQM on various different aspects of company’s performance such as financial, operations, employee performance, customer satisfaction, etc. In actual sense, this study attempts to assess the impact of TQM practices on overall company performance and on achieving the overall corporate strategy. Many argue that modified strategie s fail to produce the desired outcome, or are not implemented as required because of incongruence with functional processes, training and understanding issues, inappropriate approaches and inefficient involvement. Advantages and Limitations of TQM: Kumar et al’s (2009) study clearly indicated that tactical strategies such as TQM actually help in improving company performance in terms of employee relations and motivation, products and service quality, customer satisfaction and growth as well as profitability. However, pieces of evidence exist that indicate inefficient outcomes of TQM procedures. For example, Brown, Hitchcock, and Willard (1994) highlighted that when TQM principles are applied for short-term gains, it cannot produce desired outcomes because TQM process is long-term and is time-consuming (Belasen, 2000). Adaptation of TQM is a dynamic process and requires the constant substitution of challenging standards and values. TQM places high expectations on people and re quires highest involvement and ownership form them. Even well-known organizations that adopted TQM have not sustained the results for the longer time.  Ã‚  

Letter format Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Letter format - Assignment Example In response to your letter dated August 3 regarding the reported turntable of the Justrite microwave oven which broke shortly right after the expiration of the warranty period, please accept our sincerest apologies for the inconvenience it could have caused you in any way. As a policy, our company is more than willing to check on the status of your microwave oven at the soonest possible time to verify the cause of the problem. In the meantime, a replacement unit would be provided for your use while the unit is being repaired, if needed. We would be glad to accommodate you complaint despite the lapse of the warranty period since our priority is to keep our customers satisfied. In fact, the Justrite microwave oven you purchased has been rated â€Å"best in its class† and â€Å"most reliable† by the Consumers Count magazine. The recent survey of selected purchases revealed that 98.5% of first time purchasers of Justrite ovens are pleased to have chosen our products and pledged to buy others of the same

Development News Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Development News - Essay Example However, in the arena of development news there exists a deep North-South schism. Hence, the concept of development news needs to be understood and defined in a historical context. Since years, it has been evinced by the editorial authorities governing the Western media that they do not have any model editorial policies and per se they do not issue any policy directives to their correspondents (Aggarwala 180). However, any type of media is eventually aimed at a particular reader pool, and the Western media being primarily consumed by the Western readers, it would not be wrong to believe that the Western scribe cover and shape a news story, even if it originates from the underdeveloped or developing world, keeping the Western readers in mind (Aggarwala 180). Hence, any discussion or attempt aimed at understanding the concept of development news must subscribe to the ambit of the incumbent North-South divide. Ideally speaking, development news is the news that tends to cover developmen t issues affiliated to macro or macro origins, which reports, assesses and examines the impact of varied development activities and programs with regards to domestic and national development objectives and needs, the parities that exist as to how a development program is envisaged and its pragmatic outcomes, and the variance between its net impact on human welfare and what a government claims to be its achievements (Cottle 107). Yet, going by the fact that in its conceptualization and treatment, the development news does not much differ from the regular news, hence, it is open to accruing different interpretations at local and international level (Cottle 107). As already said that development news in its treatment and conceptualization does not differ much from the mainstream news, hence as is practically evident from the mainstream news, the development news can certainly evince a marked ideological and political tilt, depending on the geo-political origins of the scribes and publi shing institutions covering a development news story. Also, a natural premise flowing out from such credentials of the concept of development news is that it is always subject to a normatively influenced interpretation and criticism (Cottle 108). Generally speaking, in the past, and particularly in the contemporary age open to new media, there exist wide imbalances between the flows of information in varied parts of the world. So development news by its very nature will always stand to be a controversial concept in journalism, going by the shifting academic and political stances pertaining to the notions of ‘development’ (Cottle 108). Hence, the local and global biases that the journalists associated with the coverage of mainstream new, could also infiltrate and seep in into the coverage of development news. Once this fact is accepted that the mainstream scribes and the journalists that cover the development news are almost open to very similar biases, opinions, temptat ions and tilts, it will be apt to agree that there exist varied types of development news journalism. In journalistic context, development news pertains to investigative reporting with its focus on the international and national projects and programs initiated in the developing nations and their influence on the quality of life and socio-economic well being of the masses (Aggarwala 181). Hence, like mainstream journalism, development journalism is subject to very similar ethical and professional ideals and constraints. Development journalists like mainstream journalists need to be unbiased, factual and rational in the coverage of development news. However, this pertains to an ideal scenario. In a practical context, quite like mainstream journalism, many development journ

Are corporate governance system dichotomous (Anglo-American v Essay

Are corporate governance system dichotomous (Anglo-American v. German-) Is the Russian Federation consistent with any of these - Essay Example The parts may be essentially same in their basic purpose however, their orientation may be different and therefore the overall implications can also be different too. The dichotomy hypothesis therefore suggests that the world views may be divided into two different parts which are non-overlapping and mutually exhaustive in nature. These characteristics of the dichotomy suggest the views on the corporate governance could also be dichotomous in nature. Based on this, the corporate governance models are divided into two models of Anglo- American and Eurasian models. This paper will aim to study and explore the dichotomous nature of corporate governance and whether Russia is consistent with any of the models defined under dichotomous nature. Corporate Governance Before discussing dichotomous nature of the corporate governance systems, it is important to discuss corporate governance as a subject and its implications for the organizations. Corporate governance is considered as a multi-face ted and interesting subject considering the fact that it deals with the diversified range of issues faced by the organizations. Corporate governance as a discipline suggests that it is a set of processes, policies, laws and procedures which govern the overall behavior of an organization within a given society. ... Companies like WorldCom and Enron continued to defraud different stakeholders by engaging themselves into activities which may not be considered entirely ethical Due to this, legislations such as Sarbanes Oxley were enacted in order to ensure that organizations are discouraged from engaging themselves into unethical behavior. The current financial crisis was also one of the key reasons for the renewed emphasis on the corporate governance as a process. The large scale failure of financial institutions outlined that the corporate governance may be a process which could have ensured that organizations engage into the activities which are favorable for all the stakeholders without actually jeopardizing the overall interests of all stakeholder groups. Dichotomous World Hypothesis Corporate governance as a model is practiced under two different aspects of the same concept. The dichotomous world hypothesis outlines that there are two different models of corporate governance systems. One mod el is based on the American shareholders model whereas another model is based on the German model of stakeholders. This hypothesis therefore identifies the corporate governance as a phenomenon which is perceived under two different schools of thoughts or opinions on the nature of the corporate governance systems. Dichotomy as a concept outlines something which can be divided into two halves however, each half remain mutually exclusive from other. What is critical about this concept is the fact that the halves remain independent however, they form the part of the whole and such re-enforce ach other. (Peng,) The groups of stakeholders which are often associated with an organization include shareholders, government, executives, employees, general public,

NETFLIX Strategic Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

NETFLIX Strategic Analysis - Research Paper Example It has great impact on people’s disposable income which is directly related with the prospect of NETFLIX business. If disposable incomes are less people cannot spend money in entertainment purposes. Social: Social environment of the country is advanced. Citizens of the country are very well educated and having advanced mind setup. For that reason consumer want updated content. In every aspect of their life customers want convenience. They often look out for entertainment and take the much needed break from the daily routine. Technological: Technologically the country is world leader. It has significant impact on the company’s business. The country has witnessed frequent up gradation in technology in accordance with the demand for music. This macroeconomic environment is significantly volatile and uncertain as far NETFLIX is concerned. Environmental: Business environmental situation is not an unmixed blessing for the company. Raw materials are expensive and wages of skilled labors are high as compared with that in other countries. Getting dedicated and committed employee is a serious challenge for the company. Legal: The country has very structured legal framework (Afuah, 2014). Different rules and regulations are strict and companies must comply with the frameworks. But still there are different loop holes in legal frame works which may not be a good sign for the company. The company faces less volume of sales and less repeat purchases. Macroeconomic factors can be both golden opportunities and serious threats for the organization. It is very important for NETFLIX to operate their business peacefully and so stable political situations have great influences on the business of the organization (Kotler, 2009). In this case the political condition is an opportunity for NETFLIX. The economy of United States is on the recovery period and so it can be expected that the demand for the products of NETFLIX will rise which will open up a handful of

Film analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 3

Film analysis - Essay Example The entire narrative was shocking for its sheer violence and horror but more than this, and for the purposes of this essay, The Exorcist presented an accurate and detailed depiction of demonic possession and the Catholic ritual of exorcism. Demonic possessions, according to the available literature, have a particular set of symptoms although they are not necessarily all present in any given case. These, wrote Walters (2004) for example, include insomnia, aimless wandering, compulsively eating strange or repulsive substances (or else refusing to eat at all), a repulsive stench, rigid muscles, unusual strength, fits of screaming and weeping, a significant change in facial features as a result of muscle contractions and violent aggression against oneself, nearby people, or objects (76). In The Exorcist, most of these were depicted: Regan speaking in a different voice, which was deep and gravelly; her, speaking in different languages; the misshapen face, which was also covered in lesions; Regan’s reaction to holy objects; the desecration of the nearby church; the death of Burke; and a number of other strange and unexplained phenomena that tormented her mother. Once the exorcism started, the priests were also faced w ith Regan’s string of obscenities, and the manifestation of strange phenomena including levitation, the seemingly independent movement of objects, Regan’s abnormally long tongue and strange bouts of vomiting. The â€Å"speech† element, wherein the demon speaks through Regan, is a particularly important aspect in exorcism. This can be seen in most parts of the possession reenactment. There was the deep and harsh voice depicted, which is scientifically explained as a result of an altered state wherein the person’s ventricular folds are used instead of the vocal chords while the speech has been generally found to have a characteristic

NETFLIX Strategic Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

NETFLIX Strategic Analysis - Research Paper Example It has great impact on people’s disposable income which is directly related with the prospect of NETFLIX business. If disposable incomes are less people cannot spend money in entertainment purposes. Social: Social environment of the country is advanced. Citizens of the country are very well educated and having advanced mind setup. For that reason consumer want updated content. In every aspect of their life customers want convenience. They often look out for entertainment and take the much needed break from the daily routine. Technological: Technologically the country is world leader. It has significant impact on the company’s business. The country has witnessed frequent up gradation in technology in accordance with the demand for music. This macroeconomic environment is significantly volatile and uncertain as far NETFLIX is concerned. Environmental: Business environmental situation is not an unmixed blessing for the company. Raw materials are expensive and wages of skilled labors are high as compared with that in other countries. Getting dedicated and committed employee is a serious challenge for the company. Legal: The country has very structured legal framework (Afuah, 2014). Different rules and regulations are strict and companies must comply with the frameworks. But still there are different loop holes in legal frame works which may not be a good sign for the company. The company faces less volume of sales and less repeat purchases. Macroeconomic factors can be both golden opportunities and serious threats for the organization. It is very important for NETFLIX to operate their business peacefully and so stable political situations have great influences on the business of the organization (Kotler, 2009). In this case the political condition is an opportunity for NETFLIX. The economy of United States is on the recovery period and so it can be expected that the demand for the products of NETFLIX will rise which will open up a handful of

Automobile Essay Example for Free

Automobile Essay Experimental Question: What are the effects of different types of antifreeze on the physical appearance on pansy plants? Most people could not imagine there lives without some sort of motor vehicle transportation. Although motor vehicles are great for getting around and getting around quickly, they take a lot of maintenance and also have a permanent effect on the environment. Motor vehicles take a lot of different products to assure smooth travels. One of these products that help your motor vehicle run smoothly is antifreeze. Antifreeze is made of substance called ethylene glycol. Although antifreeze is a very helpful product for humans there is a lack of its overall effects upon the environment. This is defiantly a problem, due to its lack of research we decided to conduct an experiment; what are the effects of different types of antifreeze on the physical appearance on a pansy plant? Ethylene glycol is actually metabolized in plants and plants have a hormone inside of them called ethylene. Inside of plant cells this substance is turned into ethylene glycol and broken down again. Most people believe that this substance cannot harm plants since it is already present within plants, but this belief is false. In large substance this substance can become deadly. One of the reasons why we decided to conduct this experiment is to show people the immediate effects there motor vehicle products can have upon the environment. Our goal is to inform vehicle owners of the harmful effects there products can have on the environment and what you can do to help improve our environment.

Application On Blood Donation Using Android Platform

Application On Blood Donation Using Android Platform Android powers hundreds of millions of mobile devices in more than 190 countries around the world. Its the largest installed base of any mobile platform and growing fast-every day another million users power up their Android devices for the first time and start looking for apps, games, and other digital content. Android gives you a world-class platform for creating apps and games for Android users everywhere, as well as an open marketplace for distributing to them instantly. Android is revolutionizing the global cell phone market. Its the first open source mobile application platform. Android is a Linux based operating system designed primarily for touch screen mobile devices such as smart phones and tablet computers ,which Google backed financially and later brought in 2005, in collaboration with the open handset alliance. Android is an open source market where user can develop any application and get it publicized in the market. Android market is having approximately 4, 50,000 apps but there is no application available in the android market which motivates the public regarding blood donation. There are many factors that have allowed Android to become the worlds most widely used Smartphone platform, overtaking Sembilan in the fourth quarter of 2010, and the software of choice for technology companies who require a low-cost, customizable, lightweight operating system for high tech devices without developing one from scratch. As a result, despite being primarily designed for phones and tablets, it has seen additional applications on televisions, games consoles and other electronics. Androids open nature has further encouraged a large community of developers and enthusiasts to use the open source code as a foundation for community-driven projects, which add new features for advanced users or bring Android to devices which were officially released running other operating systems. In this paper we propose algorithm which mainly aims at developing an android application which motivates the youngsters for donating blood and check whether they are eligible for donating or not. This application will serve as an effective tool for creating awareness in public. . Furthermore, we will try to demonstrate with an application that might be used by the people using android phones. Objectives By developing this application, we want to create awareness among the android users and motivate them to help the needful. This application will help the user in all the possible ways helpful in blood donation. Detailed problem Definition After a long research we found that there are no apps in the Google play store which motivates the public in donating blood and clearing there misconceptions. We found out that there is a requirement of an application which is helpful for people in many ways. As we all know that donating blood is a good deed but due to some misconceptions people hesitate in donating blood. By going through the applications already available, we found out that all the applications are lacking the feature of connecting the people who are interested in either donating the blood or they urgently require the blood. The main feature of our application is connectivity provided by us. The donors and receivers can contact to each other depending on their needs. Sometimes in urgency u may have thought of any platform from where we can get the details of hospitals, blood banks, important contact numbers and contact numbers of social organizations but we fail to get such an application or platform. We found out that there are apps on internet but they are lacking some of utilities which we had developed in our application. Solution Methodology Registering Donors The one who would be using this application is requested to register for the cause. The process of registration is simple no complex interface is used for the same, everyone is welcome for registration. Even a person can register for other person. The following fields for registration: Name Contact Number Gender Blood Group Last Date of Donation Regular Donor/not Email Address It creates a hub of donors who are available of android. People who are under age are also welcome for registration for prospective donation. The Process and fields are made simple or possible so that the user should not feel hectic while providing the details. Database The secondary utility of this application is to provide the user the details of various hospitals and blood banks. Irrespective of the application usage, if user wants the contact of hospital or blood bank he can easily get. Efforts are made to provide the nearest hospital and blood bank details with assistance of GPS technology Bulk Messaging For Camps. As we know social organizations and NGOs come in front for organizing blood donation camps at various places with this application we provide another platform for broadcasting about the event. For this cause, the NGOs can contact using email or Face book page which is also is also administrated. About checking the genuine news of the event the registered donor will be send a message automatically. Even if the user is not under donation period he can spread the news to his friends or relatives regarding the blood donation camp. Motivation and clearing the misconceptions related to blood donation Our application contains videos and photo albums which plays a very important role in motivating the public. The videos contain motivational quotes and phrases. For clearing the doubts and confusions of the users regarding blood donation, we have created a FAQ section in which all the important questions are displayed. We had also introduced ask questions by using this user can ask questions. Working User Interface of this application asks the user to choose an option by displaying an option menu. Menu includes the various tabs namely registering donors tab, direct link to some hospitals, motivational videos, and social networking links. A very special thing about this application is that it includes FAQs (Frequently asked questions) section which is fastest way to clear the doubts of the users. Addition to that, application includes another option through which user can raise his personal questions; the question will be replied by the application administrator at earliest so that the dignity of application is maintained. The interface of the application is made as simple as possible so that even a new user can get familiar to it and use it to full extent. The On-device view icon of the application looks like: When the user click the application icon then the second page opens displaying various menu options. On clicking the first option of the menu that is ABOUT. The following page opens and it contains the details regarding the application. When the user clicks the registration menu option the following page is displayed which registers the users and save all the details. When the user clicks on the option CMC Hospital it redirected to the CMCs Blood Bank Homepage. Motivation videos Option open the following page which contains some motivational videos. If the User will have any queries regarding our application and its working he can contact the developer/Administrator. Conclusion This application will help the android users to get information about blood donation. The need of blood donation and all the queries related to that. We had focused on the productivity of the application by maintaining a database of the donors containing their contact numbers and email ids so that we can make the most of it. We had designed the application in such a way that it helps the user in all possible ways when he or she needs help. If time will permit we will add more features and improve the productivity of the application. Referential Web Wikipedia http://www.wikipedia.org/ Google http://www.google.co.in/ Android.com http://developer.android.com/guide/components/index.html

Response to The Love Song of J Alfred Prufrock :: essays research papers

On the surface, ?The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock? is about an older man who is distressed by his own inability to tell a woman of his desire for her. He tries to relay his feelings to her but comes up with all kinds of excuses not to, and ultimately does not. The speakers? real problem is not that he is just too timid to confess his love for this particular woman, it is that he has a somewhat unproductive, bleak life and has a lack of willpower and boldness to change that life. The poem starts out describing the dreary streets with cheap hotels and restaurants where the speaker lives. He is on his way to a place where women, including the one he adores, are getting together to talk and have some tea. They are talking about people with great creative minds, like Michelangelo and unlike Prufrock. This is the first of many excuses he gives in the poem. Next, he talks about how there is so much time. There is time for ?indecisions? and ?revisions, before the taking of a toast and tea.? Here he is trying to convince himself that there is plenty of time to decide what he is going to say before he makes a toast in her honor. Prufrocks next thoughts tell of his old age and his lack of will to say what is on his mind. He mentions his bald spot in his hair and his thin arms and legs. This suggests that he knows he is growing old, and therefore contradicts what he had mentioned earlier in the poem about having plenty of time. Throughout the poem he is indecisive and somewhat aloof from the self-involved group of women. One part of him would like to startle them out of their frustratingly polite conversations and express his love for her, but to accomplish this he would have to risk disturbing their ?universe? and being rejected. He also mentions ?sprawling on a pin?, as though he pictures himself being pinned in place and viciously analyzed like that of an insect being literally pinned in place. The latter part of the poem captures his sense of overwhelming lack of willpower for failing to act daringly, not only at that tea party, but throughout his life.

Risks and Benefits of Plastic Surgery Essay -- Cosmetic Surgery essays

Risks and Benefits of Plastic Surgery Plastic surgery is a growing entity which needs to be assessed more carefully. Messages within the media indirectly contribute to the rising rate of plastic surgery. Desires to meet the idealisms of media representations are often so consuming that people demand plastic surgery despite all of its associated risks and controversies. To compensate for this up and coming surgical trend, technology has developed more reasonable and attainable options for the public. Millions of operations are now able to be performed on those wishing to fulfill specific gratifcations toward their own personal appearance and/or self-esteem. This is a serious problem in that people are unaware or just simply disregard the risks and controversies associated with unnecessary surgeries. Physical: In order to understand how plastic surgery is detrimental, it is necessary to look at the negative impact it can leave on a person or persons. The most obvious of the problems associated within the industry is the unnecessary risk it poses to one's physical health and well-being. Mybodypart.com, the largest network of Plastic Surgeons backed by the American Board of Plastic Surgery, claims that there are a great deal of potential risks which are associated with aesthetic surgeries. These include complications from bleeding, suture reaction and wound separation, Necrosis, nerve damage, allergic reactions to anesthesia, scarring, and any other complications associated with routine surgical procedures. Bleeding normally continues up to 3 days post surgery and can cause problems clotting, or hemotoma, making the patient(s) susceptible to infection or seromas, which is a collection of tissue fluid. Sutures are foreign... ...ducation/procedures/psychological_aspects.cfm Cosmetic Surgery. (2004). In The new Harvard guide to women's health (p. 179). Cambridge , MA & London , England : Harvard University Press Mybodypart.com (2006) Plastic Surgery – Virtual Plastic Surgery. Retrieved March 12, 2006, from http://www.mybodypart.com/plastic-surgery.html National Research Center for Women & Families, (2006). What you need to know . . before you get breast implants. Retrieved March 5, 2006, from http://www.breastimplantinfo.org/what_know_3.html ( U.S. Food and Drug Administration, FDA/Office of Public Affairs, FDA Consumer, 2000). Retrieved on March 5, 2006 from http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/2000/300_laser.html http://www.worth1000.com/entries/209000/209256fKmj_w.jpg http://www.epregnancy.com/images/plastic_surgery_hdr.jpg http://www.campaignforrealbeauty.com/index.asp

Success of Carrefour

1. Introduction As the world leader in retail industry, the Carrefour Group, through over fifty years of dedicated efforts, is now the largest retailer in Europe and second largest in World. Since established, through a process of merge and acquisition, Carrefour has already expanded its market to different retail scales around the global, which includes hypermarket, supermarket, cash&carry and convenience stores. According to the financial report of Carrefour group, by the end of 2012, it had already generated 101. 3 million Euro of sales under banners.Moreover, it opened 9,994 stores from different scales in 33 countries globally. Therefore, it is not surprise to find it has over 100 million customers world widely. Carrefour has its clear mission adapting different cultures, which includes to promote quality for everyone and ensure the safety of its products, meet all the expectations of customers and to provide customers with freedom to choose with specific ranges of Carrefour pro ducts. On the way to accomplish their mission, marketing strategy are implemented orderly by Carrefour group.As Cambra-Fierro and Ruiz-Benitez (2011) illustrate in their research, the basic strategy of Carrefour is making this brand globalized, through establishing as its main axes on the client and a full local adaptation and integration. No matter where Carrefour expands to, the commitment to local economic environment is an unchangeable strategy for Carrefour. Carrefour is also famous for training local staff and manager which can adapt to native environment more quickly. According to the key figures of Carrefour, it now has 360,000 employers world widely, and these employers are naturally sensitive to local consumer behavior.It is evident that Carrefour obtain a huge success in China since it was embrace by As statistics shown in Chuang ,Wei, Donegan, & Ganon’s report(2011), by 2009, Carrefour ranked 7th among all chain stores in China with CNY? 36,600m in sales. When peo ple are applauding for Carrefour’s victory, the whole retail industry is wondering the reason behind its success. Therefore, this proposal is aiming at illustrating a framework with the case of Carrefour, investigate the reasons contributed to its huge success, and detect whether this model is applicable to the whole industry and make the whole retail sector better off. . Brief History of Carrefour The Carrefour Company was created by the Fournier and Defforey families in 1959. In 1960, the first Carrefour supermarket was opened in Annecy, a city in eastern France that had become increasingly industrialized since World War II. From this first outlet, Carrefour changed itself into a worldwide entity with more than 15,600 stores spanning 34 countries around the globe. Between 1961 and 1962, business at Carrefour increased 45 percent and salaries increased as well. In 1963, Carrefour created a new shop concept known as the hypermarket.In 1970,Carrefour went public and Carrefour shares were listed on the Paris stock exchange. In 1976, Carrefour introduced its own production under no label. They assured that â€Å"Just high quality product for low price†. Between 1978 and 1982, the greatest number of new Carrefour stores was established outside of France, especially in Latin countries. Profits proved high at its stores in Brazil, Argentina, and Spain. In the 1990s, expansion in Central and South America was extremely strong. Carrefour moved into Mexico in 1993 and opened the first chain hypermarket.By 1997, Carrefour operated about 60 stores in South America and was generating $7 billion in sales in Brazil and Argentina. In 2000, Carrefour merged with Promodes SA to become the largest European food retailing group (second largest worldwide). Carrefour also became Europe's leading operator of supermarkets, convenience stores, discount stores, cash-and-carry outlets, and hypermarkets. With more than 8,800 stores in 26 countries and revenues of nearly $6 5 billion, Carrefour entered the new century on solid foundation. While management worked on the merger integration process, the company remained focused on growth.At the same year, it formed Global Net Exchange, an online supply house, with Sears and Oracle. Between 2001 to 2007,Carrefour continued the acquisition of hypermarkets in different countries and experienced continuous growth in all markets. In 2007,a New Era began in Carrefour history. A new home furnishing and decorations line was introduced at Carrefour and Carrefour became the sole distributor of Dell products in Europe. 3. MISSION As Europe’s leading mass retailer, and number two in the world, the Group comes into contact with thousands of suppliers and millions of customers very year, enabling it to promote responsible, quality consumption at low prices through the Carrefour product range. 3. 1 Promote quality for everybody and ensure the safety of our products. Carrefour has adopted an approach through the c reation of its private labels which are now commercialized in the majority of the countries in which this firm is present to ensure the safety of their products. The approach is based on the implementation of private standards defined and owned by individual retailers.These private standards prompted the retailers to establish relatively formalized contractual relationships with producer organizations, and to decrease the utilization of spot markets. As a result, the creation of vertical alliances between producers, manufacturers and retailers has proven to be an important mechanism in the regulation of agricultural product food chains. This action is intended to structure the supply chain by obliging suppliers to meet production requirements related to safety, quality and environmental levels, which are more demanding than public regulations. . 2 Meet all the expectations of our customers and consumers. 3. 2. 1 Accessibility The group operates 9,771 stores (both company-operated or franchises) through four main grocery store formats: hypermarkets, supermarkets, cash ; carry, and convenience stores. Carrefour also sells food and non-food products through the e-commerce channel. In FY2011, the group strengthened its food e-commerce solutions in a number of countries. For instance, all stores of the group across Spain deliver the items ordered through internet to customer homes.Carrefour Brazil’s non-food e-commerce site which was launched in 2010 is presently ranked among the country’s top six commercial websites. In FY2011, Carrefour France also launched a wide range of non-food products online, including household appliances, television, video, telephony and other high-tech products. In Greece too, the group has provided its customers a facility to purchase groceries and household appliances online. 3. 2. 2 Price Carrefour's mid-range brand offers merchandise at price range which is 15%–30% lower than national brands. 3. 3 Provide custome rs with freedom to hoose with specific ranges of Carrefour products. Carrefour has more than 30 years of unparalleled experience in retailing private label products. The group makes use of an in-depth analysis of the purchasing habits and expectations of its customers in order to create its private label offerings. The Carrefour Discount brand carries discount products, consisting of 500 basic everyday products (including grocery, fresh and frozen products as well as non-food goods) at a low price range. The group also offers product ranges focused on more specific customer requirements.The Carrefour Selection brand is positioned in the premium segment and the Carrefour Kids brand in the children's segment. Carrefour also offers authentic products from its regional brands ‘Reflets de France’ and ‘Terre d'Italia’ which include traditional Italian products. It also offers organic and environmentally responsible brands such as Carrefour ECOplanet in Italy, and Carrefour Ecobio in Spain. The group has established itself as a major retail player in organic farming products with an offering of nearly 2,300 food products throughout the world. 4. Carrefour—marketing strategy in chinaOwing to the maturity of the European market Carrefour and unfulfilled foreign investment in other continents, Carrefour needed to seek for new markets, and one of the most important one is Asia, especially China- a market with huge potential. Therefore, in 1995, the Carrefour began it and, soon, it generate a huge success in China soon after its establishment domestically in China. Decentralized management is the biggest reason for Carrefour’s success in Chinese market. Carrefour has divided its Chinese market into four big regions ehich are east, south, north and middle China.Considering of the legal issue and culture obstacles, the company chose the local partners, and even different partners in different regions, such as choosing partners in Beij ing and Guangzhou represent north and south agency respectively. Carrefour has a clearly marketing plan in China by knowing well about Chinese national condition. Carrefour learned about Chinese market and found the preferences is even different in Chinese market according to different areas, such as Tsingtao beer is so famous in Tsingtao but in Beijing almost everyone drinks beer from Beijing.Therefore Carrefour also needed to further adapt to local tastes and preferences in that area. EXAMPLE From the market in Taipei, it learned how Chinese people sold the fish. Carrefour hence adopted two strategies; selling fish alive and selling frozen fish. For those people live in coastal city, they prefer alive fish which right out of the fish tanks, while people live in west and middle, where is further away from coastal, prefer to buy frozen fish which can keep fish fresh. After Carrefour adapted to this concept it saw fish sales go up 30-40%.Furthermore, Carrefour adapted to the local co nsumer and their shopping behaviors while merge the foreign culture into its culture style. The Chinese consumer likes to compare different brands, so Carrefour had distributed larger shelves in order to place all the different brands in one area so that the consumers feel more satisfied during choosing what they want to buy. Additionally, Carrefour introduced new products to China such as wine which was not regularly being consumed by the Chinese population, which changed Chinese consumers’ perception to some extent.Carrefour did this by holding wine fairs and introducing to the Chinese how to drink the wine and what kinds of food it goes with. Since the taxes on wine imports were lowered, Carrefour was able to provide its Chinese consumers with cheap imported wines such as French wine. So more and more Chinese get use to the culture of wine. Through all these adaptations to local taste or by using its knowledge from Taiwan, Carrefour was able to successfully enter the Chine se market. Carrefour China is one of the biggest markets for Carrefour and as of December 31st 2009 China’s Net Sales were 3,473 billion Euros which showed a growth of 4. % from the previous year. Carrefour’s main competitor in China is Wal-Mart which has more bargaining power than Carrefour because of its big size. It was a successful idea when Carrefour introduced the fresh bakery concept in its stores. Unfortunately, Carrefour failed to include the Chinese deserts in its bakery section which its competitors did not. In order to stay competitive, Carrefour updates its strategy every three years since China is a market that is changing quickly.Carrefour invests a lot of money into Human Resources in order to train employees just in order to stay competitive with those large retailers. The company also deals with retention differently than in Europe. For example, it invests a lot of money in its training and the employees need to sign a three to five year contract. If the employee wants to change to the competition he/she has to pay back the money for the training which is a lot. If employees stay with the company for five years they receive a big bonus. All these strategies turn to keep labor turnover very low.Carrefour once faced a very difficult position. In April 2008, the Olympic torch relay was interrupted by Tibetan independence advocates in Paris where the protesters tried to get a hold of the torch from a wheelchair bound Chinese representative. Because of this, some Chinese activists have tried to boycott Carrefour stores because of its French roots. To manage its bad image, Carrefour has taken multiple actions. First, to make better relations with its suppliers, Carrefour started financing programs for smaller suppliers allowing them to apply for loans with Deutsch Bank.The company has also created a mailbox and hotline for suppliers to report any corruption and has personal investigators to go after such malpractices. In order to seek better relations with its employees, Carrefour has increased its communication with its employees and settled the disputes regarding overtime. Carrefour has also increased its fulltime employees’ salaries by 8% and put in place a minimum wage that is 5% higher than the local minimum wage. To eliminate its price differences Carrefour also promised to have regular internal price inspections.Carrefour was ordered to correct its illegal prices and refund its overcharged customers. Carrefour China said that it would refund all of its customers who were charged more than the retail price. 5. Conclusion Evaluation/recommendation Now we can draw a conclusion that the main reason of Carrefour’s success in China should owe to its sparing no effort to localization. It manifests that Carrefour try their best to follow the motto: â€Å"when in Rome, do as the Romans do† to grasp the Chinese customers’ needs accurately and then maximize their profits.Why the Carrefour ’s localization is firmly believed to be successful, here we can compared with another famous foreign retailer company Wal-Mart’s strategies in China. Firstly, let’s look at marketing strategies. Carrefour took the striving to develop in opening more stores as its primary target. In order to be faster than its competitors, Carrefour broke the routine procedure of opening stores instead of making the stores blooming everywhere. Now Carrefour has inished its strategic layout in the coastal cities and economic center cities of China on the whole that is faster than Wal-Mart for about two or three years, which helped Carrefour to save the time to adjust its management system. However, Wal-Mart chose to copy its suburbanization strategies totally in China from America. But it ignored the situation of Chinese that not every family can own a car. In addition, compare to Carrefour’s â€Å"crazy† expansion strategy, Wal-Mart performed a cautious and conserv ative attitude that it insists keep a foothold in Shenzhen but paced up and down at the southern part of China’s market.So it missed the right timing to expand to the whole China’s market. The table below shows that the comparison between Carrefour and Wal-Mart. Due to the present situation, we can learn from that the number of stores can directly affect its velocity and time of making profit for foreign retailors in China. Besides, consistent with local circumstances is vital factor. Secondly, let’s look at localization in products. Carrefour attach great importance on choosing local products, and in Carrefour, half of manufactured food in the store accommodates local people’s tastes.Not only that, Carrefour highlights all the local products in order to convenient to customers. Besides, Carrefour also purchases goods from farmers directly, which not only increases farmer’s salaries but also allows Carrefour to keep good quality with low price. Fro m its behaviors we can learn that provide convenience to customers and meet customers’ needs well are good ways to attract customers and improve the customer loyalty. Thirdly, lets’ look at the localization in culture. Carrefour as a French company did a better job on human-based management. We can see it from its Chinese name â€Å" , which is very nice and localized. In addition, its slogan is happy at home and happy at Carrefour which also in keeping with culture value of its Chinese name. However, Wal-Mart is a little defective in this part. It is worth mentioning that every time Carrefour opened a new store, started new slogan, or other events, the Chinese media always give it enough focus and reports them on the internet, although there has also been negative news, it might reveal that Carrefour is good at attracting not only journalists’ attention but also that of local government.Comparing to Carrefour, Wal-Mart seems to be more low-pitched that it is c autious to every action and looks like a merit student in China. This is right but is such an ideologism which is not to the benefit of advertisement to its potential customers. To sum up, Carrefour indeed provides certain valuable experiences to its competitors and it is worth to learn from such an outstanding company. References Presentation of Carefour. (2013). Retrived April 8, 2013 form http://www. carrefour. om/content/presentation-group Cambra-Fierro, J. , & Ruiz-Benitez, R. (2011). Notions for the successful management of the supply chain: Learning with carrefour in spain and carrefour in china. Supply Chain Management,  16(2), 148-154. doi: http://dx. doi. org/10. 1108/13598541111115392 Ming-Ling Chuang, James J. Donegan, Michele W. Ganon, Kan Wei, (2011) â€Å"Walmart and Carrefour experiences in China: resolving the structural paradox†, Cross Cultural Management: An International Journal, Vol. 18 Iss: 4, pp. 43 – 463 Zoe, Z. Y. (2012). Management strategie s of Carrefour and Ito-yokado in china: A comparative study. International Journal of Business Anthropology, 3(1), 134-157. Retrieved from http://search. proquest. com/docview/1018555862? accountid=38789 Carrefour S. A. SWOT Analysis. (2013). Carrefour SA SWOT Analysis, 1-11. Article < > from http://wenku. baidu. com/view/c5d3b2c9da38376baf1faebc. html Table data from website: www. carrefour. com and www. walmart. com and www. auchan. com